Organisational Behaviour Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational Behaviour - Literature review ExampleIn this situation, it is the duty of ships company to motivate them and answer them work in the previous pace. They might think of themselves as victims who would work on whatever the organizations assign them to do as they consider it as the companys grace. If the employees work in this state of mind then it would be very difficult for organization to pass the objective of downsizing (Wagner, 1991). However, a smaller proportion of people take it as enkindle and career expanding because they become optimistic about themselves, optimistic in a way that there must be some extraordinary quality in them this did not let them go out of the organization. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that larger proportion of people is always in fear and organizations must take some impactful steps to bring them on the right track. Alcoa Inc. an aluminum producing company faces the same situation during many mergers and other developmental efforts . It is one of the largest creators of air pollution in united states proving to be harmful for many human lives and so it became urgent and serious for it to take a step. Alcoa therefore invested $330 one thousand million in a plant to service reduce the emissions such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. As one can see that $330 million is not small amount of money, therefore they must have thought of implementing downsizing in the company making many of their employees leave the jobs. Moreover, in 2006 installed a new plant in its branch of Swansea again requiring a huge amount of money generated by reduction in administrative costs. A vocalize venture of Alcoa and Alumina Limited might have caused the need for downsizing too. either these instances left Alcoas remaining employees with a low morale and spirit to work and managers with a great worry and halt of low productivity. However, one should not lose hope keep striving to achieve the best. Firstly, knowing the rea sons that make employees not feel easy after downsizing would be a great help in understanding their emotions and treat them in view of that. One of the reasons is that they do not have interest in learning new skills because they assume that this willing increase their workload. Naturally, no one likes to work to a greater extent than he was doing earlier with a good salary. However, organizations need to change this behavior of employees buy assuring them that new skills will work in their favor, making them more profitable for the company and provide them with more chances of personal return in the industry. Additionally, they would get more compensation with higher profits ultimately building their self-esteem and self-security. In any case, employees should feel that they contribute in the growth and development of the company this would stimulate them to work more passionately and ardently. Another reason of breaking of trust and emotions of employees is that they have lost some of very unaired colleagues and friends. Some might feel guilty that some of their friend lost their jobs because they were give preferences over them. All these problems occur because different people react differently towards change. Some have difficulty in evaluate the change others will find great opportunities behind them. Change, which is demolishing for ones, might prove to be exciting for others. Some express their anger and frustration, while others fight with it silently. Some get release after plain whereas others talk a lot but actually are encouraging the

Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

lacquer - Essay vitrineThe emperor had no political implications to the society but was portrayed a symbolism of the culture of Japan and some form of the historical continuity. The new leaders of the Meiji took the emperor to the national prominence and replaced the Buddhism as the theology of the nation (Mori and Rimer 20).The imperial line was associated with the Shinto at the time when the country had the oldest house that was ruling and the known symbol of powerful national unity. People were executing duties of the emperor without questioning anything as a personal manner of respect, honor and to show the unity they had. The emperor never ruled, but a small group of advisers were the one and only(a) responsible for deliberating on various issues that affected the people of Japan. The consultants were supposed to devise reforms and rule at the ability of the emperor. In the same period, there was the abolition of the feudalism that marked some tremendous change to the co rdial perspective. People were at liberty to choose any occupation of their choice and move everywhere without restrictions. The introduced a number of changes to the social system of ruless (Mori and Rimer 28). These changes included the constitution and the national educational framework. These changes were done to enable the national crop and earn respect from the Western world.The country tried to amass support from the other neighbors, and the educational system brought a lot of popularity and it spread to a number of places. The government used the education system to school its citizens on the need to acquire some basic knowledge and the necessary skills. By the end of the accusation of Meiji period, many Japanese people had attended the compulsory and free public schools for not less than sixsome years. The government monitored the schools carefully and made sure that the students got skills not only to the fields of mathematics or interpret but also

Analyzing World Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing World Cultures - Essay showcaseIt also comprises of upholding human rights while ensuring equitability in sharing of natural resources.Culture can be convey in various forms such as through vernacular, songs, dances, clothes, folktales etc. The analysis of the culture of Indians and Japans can be made by looking into the cultural expressions presented through videos such as India Bollywood moving-picture shows and Japan Anime videos. Bollywood here(predicate) represents the Hindi film industry which uses the regional languages in their movies. For the Anime videos it uses cartoons as characters to present the theme of the video. They practice the user of computer-animated anime in various films, videos or movies to present the intended theme.Anime movies try to set about the rich Japanese culture focusing on the attitudes and concerns of pack while giving a linkage to the past. This films, video games, music and manga made through use of past traditional artistic fe atures serve as a link to the traditional art. They influence a large percentage of the population since most people generally spend many hours watching televisions and listening to the radio. This is a special phenomenon among the teenagers and retired people.Bollywood movies similarly just comparable anime videos depict the rich Indian culture. The major themes are usually upholding the traditions of the Indian people and the family values. The untested characters who have embraced westernization are depicted going back to their roots which are deep rooted in tradition but somehow modern India. A good example of such depiction is the movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai of 1998. The storyline is about a well foreign-educated young girl who tries to show here adherence to Indian values by giving up the superficial westernized way of life she was used to. A common land feature in Bollywood is the use of songs in the middle of the movies to depict various emotions (Ravinder, 2002).The cultura l differences

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains Coursework

The Globalisation of Logistics and hang on Chains - Coursework ExampleThis paper illustrates that every business needs to have an effective strategy that enables it to be strategical whollyy ready to deal with the effects of world(a)ization. There argon some scholars who believe that globalization only if clears problems contrastingly, some believe that it has both challenges and opportunities that businesses can exploit. Those who are anti-globalization are usually concerned that the phenomenon will cause economic catastrophe and that it should, therefore, be avoided. Anti-globalisation individuals look at globalization from a political point of cyclorama and argue that it will have a negative effect on economies around the world (because authorities affect economies, so those who are against the globalization believe that globalization makes it easier for international politics affect economies negatively). However, globalization can similarly be examined from a business poi nt of view. The 19th century was the dawn of globalization. correspond to Rugman and Collinson, if the right strategies are implemented, firmsand especially big firms, such as multinationalscan benefit a bully deal from globalization. According to Worthington and Britton, the firms that have been able to develop an effective global strategy have also been able to advance their interests and increase their global market share while improving their sales and benefit margins. A very good example of this is Coca-Cola, which was one of the first multinational firms to begin formulating and implementing a global business strategy even before the debate on globalization was ignited. Because of this, the company was able to deign up with ways to take over the global soft drink market, and today, the firms products are available and adored all over the globe, even in the least developed regions. This has made Coca-Cola the attraction in its industry. Market participation refers to the w ays in which firms are able to participate in strategic markets around the world. The world consists of more than 200 countries, and even the most globalized firms have been unable to reach all these countries.

Calculations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Calculations - Assignment Example352,000 Purchases ?150,000 Opening blood line ?65,000 Cost of Goods Available for Sale ?215, 000 Less Closing inventory ?70, 000 Cost of Goods Sold ?145, 000 Gross value ?207, 000 Property depreciation (5% using straight line method) ?5100 Plant and equipment depreciation (20% ) ?19500 Distribution cost ?58,000 Dividends paying ?12, 000 Administrative expenses outstanding ?4,500 Less distribution costs prepaid ?10, 000 Total Expenses ?77100 Net Profit ahead Tax ?129900 Corporation tax (22%) ?17500 Net Income ?112,400 c) disputation of financial position Julyfest Limited Balance planing machine for the year ended 31st May 2012 ASSETS Current Assets Inventory 70,000 Cash and cash equivalents 63,500 Account Receivables 87,000 pay distribution cost 10,000 Total Current Assets 230,500 Fixed Assets Property 102,000 Cost of plant and equipment 98,000 Less salt away Depreciation 30,000 Total Fixed Assets 170,000 TOTAL ASSETS 400,500 LIABILITIES Current Liabilities Trade payables 37,000 Interest Unpaid Bond 6,500 Taxes 17,500 Purchases 150,000 SHAREHOLDERS virtue Equity shares 100,000 Retained Profits 59,500 Share premium 30,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 400,500 Task Two Statement of cash flows provides important information to those using it as it provides information about the out flows and inflows that have interpreted place in a certain financial year or within a proper(postnominal) level of time (Baker 2005). The main enormousnesss of debate of cash flow are as discussed below. First statement of cash flows enables users to identify as sanitary as understand the sources from which the money used in the craft during a specific period as the uses into which these funds were used (Philips 2008). Other financial statements such as balance sheet and trial balances are not able show sources of funds as well uses into which these finances were put into use (Baker 2005). Statement of cash flow also plays an im portant role in enhancing management of businesses as well as management of business resources (Baker 2005). It also enhances planning of business funds as well as ensuring that business cash flows (outflows and inflows) conform to each other (Tailor 2003). This is as conflicting to other financial statements such as balance sheet which sole(prenominal) shows assets and liabilities of business. Balance sheet cannot distinguish for both cash outflows and cash inflows. Another grandness of statement of cash flow is that it shows how efficient an presidency is able to generate income (cash inflows) from its operation (Baker 2005). Other financial statements such as balance sheet which only shows assets and liabilities of business but cannot show shows how efficient an organization is able to generate income (cash inflows) from its operation (Philips 2008). Another importance of cash to those whose use it is that it is a report of funds that have been used during a specific period of time for various business activities (both short term and ache term) such organizations long term investment (Baker 2005). This information can also be shown by balance sheet. Another importance of cash to those whose use it is that it is a report of funds that have been received by the business during a specific period of time from various business activities such as debentures, share issue and loans among others (Baker

Ethical styiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical styiles - Essay ExampleEthics of circumspection takes into consideration the effect that a end may retain on immediate individuals. As a leader I would not put into play policies or rules that may harm individuals or fare them suffering. This is because this approach is flexible and caring and it can respond to changing environments. As compared to the justice approach, it can be applied in life since once cannot use rigid rules as there are most exceptional situations that may arise. This approach can be applied in the management of a watertight as it is sensitive to the consequences of decisions to individuals. In fact it considers consensus building an important aspect and it also emphasizes on deal doing things out of their own interest rather than being forced (Kovac, 2012).Studies carried out previously suggest that propose is a great motivator just like profit in any business (Landau, 2010). whence this calls the need for leaders to put the interests of their employees at heart. This entails not hurting them through setting rigid rules that may make them suffer. This entrust create a sense of belonging on the part of the employees thus they go away try their level best to ensure that the business is successful as they will take it as their own. As a leader I will therefore involve all my employees in decision making process so that they pass the rules themselves. This will help them work as per the rules that they will have set on their own. It will have also put their interests in consideration as they will tend to make rules that fit their own

Interactive marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

synergistic selling - Essay ExampleHas cookies which are small texts files placed in the computers by the websites visited by the consumersHas an e-dialogue pedigree for the high frequency riflelers and the customer communications in the UK.Has the mobile marketing and in any case personal electronic messaging on its website.Sell tickets online.Has web sales and marketingHas online booking and paperless ticketingCustomers can check their passenger entropy and details from the internet before they travelHas enormous online travel offers for the customers making them to embrace he online travel technology.2.0 British airwaysBritish air lanes have been using the web marketing very extensively and it has installed various modes of marketing the airline via the websites and this has since increased their anticipated profits. To start with through the internet marketing the airline has offered a Google solid ground vacation views in an attempt to lure more the great unwashed to bo ok their next flights with the airline. (BBC business password 2001)The Google earth imagery that has been added in their website has been used in helping the people who are travelling with the airline to see where they will be enjoying their vacations before they even take the flights. The British airways and the ilk have since suffered a considerable loss of revenue from a dramatic drop in demand for the transatlantic flights like the Ryan air as well as from the temporary closure of the American airspace after the attacks. (Vincent 2003)3.0 work out airline Ryan airIn the midst of the turmoil in the airline industry the Ryan air multiply has continued to prosper and attracting more and more passengers against all the formidable odds. The airline which is known as no frills or discount...(BBC business news 2001)The Google earth imagery that has been added in their website has been used in helping the people who are travelling with the airline to see where they will be enjoying their vacations before they even take the flights. The British airways and the like have since suffered a considerable loss of revenue from a dramatic drop in demand for the transatlantic flights like the Ryan air as well as from the temporary closure of the American airspace after the attacks. (Vincent 2003)In the midst of the turmoil in the airline industry the Ryan air caudex has continued to prosper and attracting more and more passengers against all the formidable odds. The airline which is known as no frills or discount airline is seizing the initiative while most of the other carriers like the British airways are loosing their heads. Their disordered cost ethos advantage is enabling them to ride out the economic slowdown.Ryan airs low cost culture have made the companys costs gradually decline as they use the paperless ticketing and they also do their sales and marketing over the phone or through the internet.

User Centred Design for Web Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

User Centred Design for Web - Coursework instanceThe test was carried out by having the site on a computer and then supplying the spring chicken with the scenario. The young was told why he was supposed to carry out the activeness. The developers had to stay aside and watch how the youth carried out the activity. The sentence that was taken by the youth to complete the activity had to be recorded. The more time the youth took to carry out an activity meant how hard navigation on the p ripen was. Think obstreperously Technique This technique was to involve the moderate of the management committee. The method was chosen because it allowed the chairman to talk forte of what he was doing in the website. The chairman was chosen because he was seen to be the person who would be more proxy of the elderly Sudanese member visiting the site. The valuation was carried out by having the paper prototype prompt and given to the chairman. The task of finding and uploading pictures within the gallery was to be carried out using the prototype. The developers had to record the thoughts of the chairman as he carried out the activity. The record would convey how the chairman intended to carry out the activity and the way he carried them using the site. The efficiency of the recording had to be ensured by having an audio recorder and in any case one of the developers writing down the important points. These will be evaluated later after the test. Lessons Learned The evaluation technique was a success because it identified main areas of weakness of our site. The evaluation technique arrived at changes to be carried on the site. One of the changes was on the gallery page. People suggested that a transformation tool needed to be included in the gallery. This tool would enable them make any changes to their pictures after uploading them on the site. The gallery overly needed an additional feature to enable visitors label their pictures once they were online. Change on the m enu was withal identified. People suggested that they required the horizontal menu added at the top of the page. They claimed the horizontal menu is universal and that is the origin menu they look for in a site. The evaluation was an eye opener how developers make software having themselves as the users in the mind. This thought makes them make complex software that can only be used by experts in the field. One of the place is the gallery where the group though that any user would have emended their picture before uploading it on the site which was wrong. It also brought to my attention how diverse users have different call for when using the same software. This was seen by seeing those activities being carried by the youths were different from those the elderly group required. fellowship gained from the evaluation would be used in future in determining selection criteria of evaluators of software. The criteria will incessantly take into consideration the age as a factor. Thi s is because different people in different age groups like to carry out activities in different modes. In future the evaluation technique would be carried out using multiple evaluation techniques. This is because each evaluation technique identified new errors in the system that meaning the more the evaluation technique the more the improvement would be carried out on the system. This ensures maximum satisfaction of the clients with the system. Reflections on the design process The design process played a major part in testing my leadership skills. This was done because the whole development process involved interacting with different people who acted different. I had to take the

Ethics in Book IV of Platos Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in take hold IV of Platos Republic - Essay ExampleBook IV of Platos Republic presents an excellent pick of sentiments with respect to honour fitity and behaviour of a hu reality being with regard to his soul. Through Platos dialogues, the idea of averageice has been presented very well as justice has been written as A political organization in which each person plays the appropriate role. Every humanity at bottom society has been given a role or a exposit to play as per what he can do best. from each one individual has a duty to serve society and he has been given the role of doing so in the best manner possible by way of the contribution that he can make. Doing good industrial plant is the moral birthright of each and every person residing within society. This is because each man is dependent on others around him and is able to live because of the relationships that he creates. However, there ar certain actions that each man must(prenominal) be able to carry out like keeping a good and sound moral character. According to a number of philosophers, it has been pointed out that it does not only pay adequate to have a moral or sound character on the outside in fact it is very eventful to have a clean and pure soul. Many people tend to be good on the outside and forget what is true to them within themselves. Certain footing like justice, morality and soundness are very important for people to exist in coherence and peace with each other within society. Sometimes, having an outer behaviour in order to portray a moral character is not glib because it might turn people against an individual. In Platos Republic, justice has been spoken about in divers(a) aspects. Civic courage is one term that has been talked about that the various auxiliaries possess. Justice has been depicted as a set of actions that must be carried out. Mankind censure injustice fearing that they may be the victims of it, and not because they diminish from committing it. E ach person must be able to carry out actions that lead the rest of the urban center to believe that he is just and morally sound and is well equipped to be able to value his kinsmen. Through the actions and thoughts of Socrates justice has further been depicted as kick downstairss of the soul and not just of outward character that a man might possess. He has termed them as sources of desire namely, a rational part of the soul lusting after truth, a spirited portion of the soul seeking honour and an appetitive part of the soul that searches for everything else after these two objects of desire have been met, like food, drink, shelter, sex and wealth in terms of financial and monetary terms. According to him all these three aspects must be fulfilled for a man to be truly satiated from within his soul and to help him understand that he has achieved all his desires. Socrates hence has been successful in identifying the kind of desires that each man wants to have within himself. Howe ver, the question still remains, is it enough for a man to fulfil such soul related desires or pleasures? Socrates claims that justice is actually not just a set of actions but an imprint of what the soul of a man is like, and if he is able to gather and satiate himself with respect to the above mentioned three desires, then the same will reflect on his notions of justice on the outside and help others see the man as an honest and honourable man. Socrates in the end mentions how it is healthy for a persons soul to be just and how justice amounts to health. By attaining this stature, a man will never cheat, lie or steal for according to Socrates, he has been able to tone the love and affection of his own soul and has been able to comprehend the need to live a just lifestyle with respect to the society that he lives in. It thus pays to be just because it helps to keep a man healthy, and

THE CURRENT TRENDS OF WHOLE FOODS MARKETING Research Paper

THE CURRENT TRENDS OF WHOLE FOODS MARKETING - Research piece ExampleThese leaders can be contacted via phone or email specified on their website. Thus, self-colored Foods commercialize tried to help its customers and tries to give them the best possible service as well, in pose to keep its customers satisfied. ( wholly Foods Market, 2011)Whole Foods Market is an organization that asseverates that it provides its customers natural and least processed food. It is their Unique change marri shape up proposal that they try to give their customers yields in purest form. They try not to sell products coming out of cloned animals rather they claim to give the product in its approximately natural form possible. They also try not to example artificial colors or preservatives in their products.Whole Foods Market has many products but most of them argon related to food and health. There are many product lines available at Whole Foods Market including Grocery, Whole Body, Premium Body C are, 365 Everyday Value, Bakery, Prepared Foods and Whole Foods Market Brand. (Whole Foods Market, 2011)Whole Foods keeps adding new product lines and should do so in order to keep its customers entertained, happy and satisfied. However, no matter what they introduce, their Unique Selling Proposition remains the same, that is, they keep giving natural and high quality products.Whole Foods Market provides its customers with the most natural products possible which gives it a completive edge in the market. Whenever it comes to pure, organic or low processed food, Whole Foods Market always comes to mind. There are competitors for Whole Foods Market but these competitors have not interpreted Whole Food Markets position and this is because Whole Foods Market provides to its customers what its competitors do not.In this age where everybody is learned and is aware that in order to do something and to make a difference they need to cling healthy and in order to stay healthy they need to ma intain a healthy diet. This is why Whole Foods

The corporation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The corporation report - set intimately ExampleIn addition, they have compared corporations to a football team in that all teammates play varied parts yet have a similar goal (HAINES, 2007, P 8). Furthermore, corporation has being compared to a family unit and a telephone line. Overall, corporations are greedy and materialistic organizations that do not care ab bulge out the welfare of the masses. Examples of workers being paid slave wages and the use of chemicals to increase milk production at the expense of the animals health by Monsanto is proof (YouTube, 2013). Findings Argument for the subscribe to The film dialogue about the negative side of corporations and produces enough evidence. For example, the Nike shoe company has been accused of hiring child labour in the third world countries. Another corporation is the Coca-Cola Company which continued to manufacture the beverage despite protests of water infections in India. These corporations exploit people (Fisse, & Braith waite, 1993, P, 1). The child labour in the Nike Company is in any case being paid slave wages. Monsanto insisted on the use of BST Posillac, which harms the, cow and the farmer too. Monsanto also polluted Vietnam with toxic herbicide that resulted to remainder and cancer. The documentary has listed some negativity of corporations. Continuous deceitfulness. Callous unconcern for others. Reckless disregard for safety of others. bankruptcy to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviours. Incapacity to endure lasting relationships. Incapacity to experience guilt. Arguments against the Film Even though the documentary has majored on the down sides of corporations it has also shed light on the high-priced sides of some corporations. Billionaires have given out their wealth in support of the environment, for example, Bill Gates and Sir Richard Branson. Monsanto has a number of claims to defend their position. The corporation claims the following. Protecting ecosystems whil e driving productivity. Innovating to improve lives. Delivering the best seeds for farmers. Looking globally to plant the best locally. In the top 10 of the Worlds most innovative companies. Nike also claims the following. Providing safe working environments. Usage of ethically sound methods. Socially responsible sourcing practices. Burson-Marsteller corporation claims to aid people achieve good lives by - Giving people a voice. Set up the national smoking compartments alliance. Created BCFA to combat environmental campaigns. Legal Position of a passel UK Different countries have divergent legal positions of a corporation (Rosenau, 1997, P, 200). Companies Act 2006 is laws that restate the greater part of the enactments relating to companies (Degenhardt, 2010, 17). In the UK CA 2006 sets out the rules for reform of companies (Almond, 2013, P 191). In the company acts of the UK legal position states under Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd 1897 A.C. 22 that a company has a separate legal personality. This means that a corporation Liability for its actions is hold to the company. It can sue and be sued, own property and enter into contracts. The EU transparency directive 2007 in the case of the Cadbury report 1992 and Hampel committee report 1998 addresses corporate fraud and accountability (Fisse, & Braithwaite, 1993, P, 2). Furthermore, it addresses conflict of interest and tender independence or the white collar crime (Haines, 2007, P 9). Legal Position of a Corporation USA In the USA Corporations are now armed with constitutional

Case Study 4 (Business Intelligence ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case take on 4 (Business Intelligence ) - Essay ExampleSimilarly, trends and subsequent strategies can be developed for customers using fivefold contact channels like call centers, website or mobile internet (Freeland 2003, p. 105). One such governing body doing exemplary work in this regard is Ebay- worlds largest online marketplace which also uses information systems to pull back and retain customers and has developed technology enabled customer relationship management tools. Question 2 Cross merchandising is a sales technique where suggestions and recommendations to a customer are made based on his former purchase, recorded preferences and other details. Use of data mining is of paramount importance in cross marketing technique undertaken by 1-800-Flowers. Related product or service can altogether be recommended only when previously recorded customer taste and preference is available and which matches the expectation of the customer. For instance, a customer who purchases a specific kind of flowers regularly from 1-800-Flowers can be reminded of latest offers and related product and services in flowers section.

ASB 2104 Principles of Organisation and Management Essay

ASB 2104 Principles of Organisation and Management - Essay sheathThe discussion explains some prominent prudence theories, their similarities and dissimilarities and their present day relevance.The classical scheme of management is the oldest and the some widely accepted school of management. The classical theory was propounded and practiced extensively between 1885 and 1940. The genesis of the theory can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution that necessitated the need for systematic and logical methods to manage organizations. some(prenominal) factories were set up during the Industrial Revolution because of which the need for proficient inventionning, organizing, and controlling the activities of workers arose. The classical theory of management evolved with a view to enhance the worker-level productivity and that of the entire organization. The classical theory of management consists of two study schoolsThere were many contributors to the theory of scientific manageme nt. However, the most prominent work in this sphere was that of Frederick W. Taylor who is regarded as the father of scientific management. Taylor, who worked at the Midvale Steel Company, felt a pressing need to cut costs, break down work methods and develop labor and management co-operation. On the basis of his time studies, Taylor recommended a differential piecework plan wherein workers were paid higher wage judge for above standard performance and low wage rates for below standard performance. The concept of minimum basic wage rates can also be attributed to Taylors works, for till that point of time, there was no guarantee of minimum wages to workers.The contribution of Henri Fayol forms the key of the theory of general administration. Fayol termed planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling as the basic functions of management. According to the author, all activities in industrial projects could be classified into six broad categories technical, commerci al, financial, security, accounting and managerial. Additionally, Henri

My future job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My future hypothesise - Essay ExampleSimilarly, development opportunities in the industry are omnipresent.Marketing solicitude is a real creative job. It has become all the more interesting with the use of latest technology. These days, new ways of trade management are emerging with the use of latest apps, smartphones, and iPads. These things have increased social connectivity and have provided selling managers with cheap and yet effective means of gathering information about the consumers.The importance of merchandising management for businesses cannot be overemphasized. Any business fundamentally depends upon marketing management in order to be successful. The split up the marketing management, the better the planning, administration, execution, control, and modification of the business. Customers loyalty with a brand can be primarily attributed to marketing management because brand image is also controlled by marketing managers.To conclude, Marketing Management is a very go od profession with a lot of opportunities for development and creativity, and a lot of importance. Job opportunities are abundant. I am looking forward to becoming and growing myself as a Marketing

Nature of Health Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nature of Health study - Essay ExamplePatient-specific inevitably such as a centralized list of current HCPs per patient, institution-specific needs such as a means of telling if these HCPs are on call, and domain-specific needs such as disease management with prescribing information are just some of the needs of physicians. For nurses, on the other hand, they arrive at simpler information needs than the physicians. In patient-specific information, availability of patient diagnoses and laboratory results are needed. Institution-specific needs such as policies, protocols and census reports are also listed. Finally, domain-specific needs, specifically drug information, diagnoses definitions, and educational materials, are indicated. In addition, nurses tend to consider more on domain-specific information such as online textbook guidelines and decisions aids than do physicians. Despite these differences, the distinct similarity is that they both want to be able to communicate and s hare information with other HCPs (Coiera, 2000). A central list of current of current HCPs per patient demands the input from the HCPs themselves. Providing their concise qualifications and credentials, as well as their contact details, may help in the use of these data for knowing which HCPs to consult when certain medical checkup conditions of a patient arises. However, these data should be processed such as they are well-organized, regularly updated, and tardily accessible.

Film Reaction EthicsWag the Dog Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Reaction EthicsWag the Dog - Movie Review ExampleDoublespeak is a term that is intentionally used to disguise or distort the actual meaning of words. It makes a view more pleasant. In the movie Wag the Dog, Conrad, playing Mr. Fix it, employs the technique of doublespeak to take off the vulgar appearance of the presidents sex scandal. He diverts the attention of the public to other false state of war stories, making the situation seem less serious. In the movie, Motss emerges in the media and public belief that the war report is true, while also believing the idea of sex scandal to be true. However, the false war tales rule the true sex scandal of the president until he gets re-elected. When Motss tries to let the cat out of the bag, he is killed to go forward the truth secrete. The movie is a clear show of how propaganda forms the normal recipe of the political discourse, where politicians use the strength to get everything they

Brewing - Beer Essay Example for Free

Brewing Beer demonstrateThe history of beer dates back hundreds of years prior to written history. Besides water and tea, beer is one of the most-frequently consumed beverages in the world. untoward to popular belief, that all beers atomic number 18 typically the same, there argon many variances in color, flavor, strength, production method, ingredients and origin. Beer enkindle be divided into 2 broad sub-categories ale and lager. Ales were the first graphic symbol of beer ever created before brewers knew the role yeast played during the beer making process. Ale yeasts flocculate at the top of the fermentation tank and are brewed from malted barley using a warm fermentation.The yeast ferments the beer quickly, which gives it a full bodied and fruity try out. They besides moderate hops, which gives the bitter herbal flavor that helps balance the sweetness of malt and preserve the beer. After fermentation, ales are ordinarily aged no more than than a few weeks or so. Most are served close to fashion temperature and contain rich aroma and flavor. thither are many different types of ales including brown ales, pale ales, darkening ales, mild ales, strong ales cream ales, Burton ales, German ales, Belgian ales, and more.Each type of ale differs in color, flavor, strength, and origin. The second type of beer is called a lager, the most popular style of beer in the world. Some create stated that lagers account for 90% of beers consumed across the globe. Many feel that this is attributed to the more watered down lagers produced in the United States. Lager is derived from the record book lagern in German, which means, to store. A lager is a type of beer that is brewed using back tooth-fermenting yeast at visit temperatures and is aged for a much longer time than ales creating a cleaner, clearer beer.The yeast used in lagers, genus Saccharomyces Uvarum, produces fewer ester by-products than seen in ales, allowing other flavors, such as hops, to bec ome more noticeable. The range of flavors noticeable in lagers is more limited than ales. They are always going to be hoppy, malty, sweet, or dry. There is nothing victimize with these flavors, but there are fewer variations, which explains why many people insist that all beers taste alike. They are invariably served cold and can pair easily with a wide variety of food. There are some fundamental differences in the way ales and lagers are produced.There are three important discrepancies between the making of ales and lagers types of yeast, temperature and time, and excess ingredients. In terms of the variances in yeast, ales typically use yeast that ferments at the top of the fermentation tanks. The yeast normally rises to the top closer to the end of fermentation. Also, there are chemicals that are produced in ales, called esters that inhibit a sweeter, fruity taste to the beer. However, in lagers, the yeast used is classified as bottom-fermenting yeast, meaning that the yeast fe rments at the bottom of the fermentation tanks. superstar of the benefits of using bottom fermenting yeast is that brewers can reuse the left over yeast to produce more beer. Unlike the fruity, sweeter tastes of ales, the yeasts used in lagers do not add any flavor to the beer itself. Much of the taste in lagers can be attributed to other ingredients, including malts and hops. The second major differences between the production of ales and lagers are temperature and time. The yeast used in ales usually ferments better in warmer temperatures, usually around room temperature or close to 75 degrees Fahrenheit.One of the benefits of being able to ferment at this temperature is that ales can age and mature faster than lagers. While ales are best produced in warm temperatures, lagers are made primarily in colder temperatures, around 45 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. As stated earlier, lager is derived from the German word lagern meaning to store. Production of lagers is all about the lagern s toring process. Lagers have historically been produced in more European countries where the climates are typically colder.The unique combination of cold temperatures and the bottom fermenting yeast, causes lagers to have much more of a mild, crisp taste. Something else that adds to the taste of a beer, are additional ingredients. The last major difference between ales and lagers are there supplementary ingredients. Ales typically have more of a malty taste, due to an elevated amount of hops, malts, and roasted malts that are added during production. Ale brewers, typically have more perimeter with how they produce their beer, and tend to add a several different ingredients during brewing, like the ones mentioned above.These extra ingredients are referred to as, adjuncts. Brewers of lagers solely have a few, simple ingredients malted grain, hops, yeast, and water. The production method of lagers is somewhat due to the stringent Reinheitsgebot Law, also known as the German beer purity law. This law prohibits any adjuncts during the brewing process of lagers, plainly permitting water, barely, and hops as ingredients. Tea and water maybe two of the most consumed beverages in the world, but beer is repair behind in a close third.Beer is gradually becoming more and more popular. This is evident by dint of the new trends of beer companies that have begun to accommodate for the new low calorie beer trend. Corona, Heineken, and Anheuser-Busch have led the pack by producing Corona Lite, Heineken Lite, and Budweiser Select. With more and more companies attending to these trends, beer has broadened their target market. Overall, these companies are innovating the profoundly historic production of ales and lagers, that will appeal to people now, and into the future.Although there are a variety of differences between ales and lagers, they do share one common trait, which is that people have enjoyed them across the world for centuries upon centuries.Works Cited Eddings, B ryce. Beer Styles hundred and one All Beers are Either Ales or Lagers. About. com 17 July 2010 n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//beer. about. com/od/beerstyles/a/BeerStyles101. htm. Mork, Rachael. Understanding antithetic Types and Beer Pairings of Beer. Life123 04 March 2010 n. pag.Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//www. life123. com/food/cocktails-beverages/beer/understanding-different-types-of-beer-and-beer-pai.shtml. Thadani, Rahul. Lager vs Ale. Buzzle 29 May 2010 n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//www. buzzle. com/articles/lager-vs-ale. html. Rich, Stephen. Ales vs. Lagers. Modern Gentleman 10 July 2010 n. pag.Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//themoderngentleman. ca/2010/ales-vs-lagers/. Viljanen, Susanna. Beer brands,types,styles and brewing. Did You Know? 06 February 2010 n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//didyouknow. org/beer/. Zagata, Darlene. Lagers vs Ales. Livestrong 23 December 2009 n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http//www. livestrong. com/article/67308-lagers-vs-ales/.

Program Design of an Outpatient Adolescent Prevention Essay Example for Free

Program invention of an Outpatient Adolescent Prevention EssayThe adolescence arcdegree is often characterized as the stage of maturing from childhood to adulthood. This stage of maturing ordinarily occurs at the age of 12 for males and 14 for females. This is where signifi keept developments in both physical and mental abilities of an exclusive(a) begin to happen as early signs of puberty stage. This is the moment where a person or an individual scars to operate according to his or her own personal views in tone and practice independence from their guardians. Furthermore, adolescence is the stage of trials where teenagers are expected to be active in doing things that differ from the usual, which testament satisfy their urges due to their festering curiosity.Professionals normally define adolescence as the most critical stage of growing up. This is where an invidual experiences sudden changes in inner drives, acquire mood swings, develop relationship with the opposite gender, and encounter diametrical kinds of difficulties in shool and at home. away from these technical defiinitions of adolescence stage, it is to a fault the stage where young people from 12 to 19 years old start to be involve in different types of inwardness contumely (Answers.com Health, 2008). There are different kinds of substance abuse that adolescence are faced with, namely, cigarettes, alcohol, and medicines. These are the most popular substances of modern time amongst teenager. According to juvenile reasearch archives, data shows that alcohol and medicine abuse are the most common substance that teenagers abuse. In 2006, in that respect was 1.2 million adolescents from 12 to 17 years old who smoked cigerettes 631,000 drank alcohol and 586,000 experienced do drugs dependence (Focus Adolescent Services, 2008). This data clearly indicates that most of young individuals in the puberty stage are involved to these kinds of abuses. Figures mentioned show that drug abus e has the lowest percentage of abuse among the three substances. Continuous efforts and chopines to decrease the public figure of adolescents involved in drug dependency is constantly essentialed because of the high potential hazardous cause it can cause to the life of young individuals. Moreover, efforts and supportive broadcasts are implemented over the years, con lieuring the serious mental picture that drug abuse can cause on the lives of the youth. Because of the active campaign to battle adolescents drug dependency, striker is evident in positive results that show the decreasig number of young ones involved in drugs. One rough-and-ready way of treatment for adolescent drug dependency is by means of drug replacement centers. This is the handed-down method for treating drug dependency among individuals. These centers are characterized as the special environment for drug abusers coming from different backgrounds, who are advised to abide in the facility for a certain period of time to achieve the needed treatment for addiction. These treatments include detoxification and counselling for possible success of recovery from drug dependents (theraphistunlimited.com outpatient). In addition, drug rehabilitation centers gurantee to properly address the needed medical specialtys of drug addicts done effective programs conducted by professional doctors, psychiatrists and counsellors. past from the handed-down way of drug rehabilitation, another possible way to properly address the abuse of drugs among teenagers is through outpatient rehabilitation. This program has the same purpose of addressing needed medications for adolescent drug abusers. However, with this type of program, patients no longer need to stay inside the rehabilitation center to get needed attention from addiction to recover from drug abuse. Basically, outpatient rehabilitation is like a live-in residential program that is usually done at home (theraphistunlimited.com outpatient).Alth ough outpatient program is advisable for minor cases only, it has a big potential to be as effective as the traditional rehabilitation center. With the proper formulation and implementation of this program for adolescents involved in drug abuse, outpatient program can be a reliable way to properly address drug abuse among teenager. Furthermore, this type of program is advisable to ensure continuous recovery of the patient after undergoing treatment in a rehabilitation center (theraphistunlimited.com outpatient). In accordance with the concept of outpatient rehabilitation program, I determinationed a program design for outpatient adolescents who engage in drug abuse. This program is formulated to contribute on the ongoing campaign to raze the rate of adolescents that are suffering from drug abuse. The main objective of this program is to protect the adolescents from the risk of farther deterioration of drug abuse. Drug dependency in the puberty stage is a critical bare that needs to be addressed.Nevertheless, this program pull up stakes make its own contribution to ease the problem of drug abuse. It give focus on rehabilitative take a craps for adolescents to further effect recovery from drug abuse and addiction. Outpatient rehabilitation may be advisable among adolescents with minor drug abuse only. However, the program will also serve as a safety measure to ensure the effectivity of the rehabilitation center towards exuberant recovery of the patient.Furthermore, the target of this program are the teenagers who have undergone treatment in rehabilitation centers for treatment of drug abuse. With this design, adolescents will be advised to attend a program that will keep them interested to stay away from drugs and show them positive outcome of recovering from drug abuse. With the understanding that teenagers are having a embarrassing time recovering from drug abuse, the design of this outpatient program will protect the iniatives done by the conclusive adolescents to recover from drug abuse. Also, through this program, patients will get the guarantee of effective service to help recover composure as they start to work their way to be part of the community again. Furthermore, this program will work to maintain the momentum of affecting change towards full recovery of adolescents from drug abuse. Its service will be characterized as a further rehabilitative medication for adolescents. To be an effective outpatient rehabilitation program for adolescents, the program is composed of major features to address accordingly the needed treatment for drug abuse. First on the list is to empower family support. This is to explain to the family that their efforts and care is needed for the recovery of the patient. Second, the Comprehensive Education about drugs, which will give the patient the needed information about the proper use of drugs and its negative effect to the consistency if abused. With this, adolescents may understand that abusi ng drugs can cause serious effects in their health. Third is counselling and sessions with a former adolescent drug abuser who succesfully recovered from addiction.The primary purpose of which is to inspire the patient to work hard for recovery and instill positive views to stop drug abuse for a better life and future. Fourth is the Recretional Activity, which aims to give the patient a chance to be involved in various acitivities to be restored confidence that will help him or her start a new life after prosecute in drug addiction. Fifth is the Religious exercise. With this, adolescent drug abusers may realize the bright side of living a new life. Last of the features is regular check-ups of physician and psychiatrist to address proper medication and record the improvement of the patient.ReferencesFocusas Adolescent (2008) Drugs and Teen Substance Abuse Retrieved April 3 2008 http//www.focusas.com/substanceabuse.htmlNarconon. (2007). What is a Drug rehabilitation Center. Retrie ved April 3 2008 from http//www.narcononstonehawk.com/what_is_drug_rehab.php theraphistunlimited.com outpatient(2008), Outpatient Drug Rehabilitation Retrieved april 3, 2008 from http//therapistunlimited.com/index/Articles/Therapy++Rehab+Services/OutpatientAnswers.com Health. (2008). Adolescence. Retrieved April 3, 2008, from http//www.answers.com/topic/adolescence?cat=health

The Significance Of The Creatures Speech Essay Example for Free

The Significance Of The Cr tireures Speech EssayFrankenstein The Significance of the Creatures Speech. Hideous monster You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces You are an ogre. Victor Frankenstein has created life. Out of nothing he has constructed a being that can call back for itself, make decisions for itself and sustain itself as if it were any of gods creations. When the pecker confronts its maker it clearly presents an autobiographical narration of its life, it is this dialect that raises several earthshaking issues. These many issues can best be categorised into three broad areas, the evolution of the creatures basic capabilities and desires, the acquisition of morals and their further development and finally the duties that a creator has to those upon which it bestows life. A nameless multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt heard and smelt, at the similar time Children rely on the maiden few age of life to develop their senses and their ability t o survive on their own they are cared for and increase by adults and those that are completely abandoned die.Frankensteins creation, in many ways similar to a unfermented born child, in its age, lack of education and inexperience in the world, is totally abandoned and survives. It is during his speech that this significant issue of self-sustainment, even from birth, is raised. Frankenstein gives life to an inanimate object, this object however, from the first instant of life is capable of plan and well within its first week is able to sustain itself.When the creature gets hungry it finds food and seeks shelter, a most basic instinct, but how far do these instincts go? Does one from birth desire language, and lodge? The creatures speech answers many of these. Frankensteins creations rate of self-education far outstrips a human child who in the same situation would almost authorizedly perish. (Many Greek, Roman and Jewish stories involve children surviving on their own for certai n periods and it is quite possible that Shelley has been influenced by the stories of, Oedipus, Romulus and Moses.Upon awaking in the woods on his second day of existence infixed instinct takes over and the creature sets about procuring food and shelter. These are the most basic impulses for a creature and given an infant mind in a very apt, physically capable frame, his story gives a detailed insight to the extent of what knowledge and desires a new being has from birth. Several changes of day and darkness passed when I began to distinguish my sensations from each otherGiven no education other then what he can teach himself the creature sets about the task of mental development and survival. On its first night of existence the monster feels cold and damp from night, not understanding what these are it weeps in despair. Without any impression of what pain is other then first hand experience the creature knows nothing of how to end it, wholly upon the discovery of fire is the pa in of cold abated.This important discovery however, as with the discoveries of Victor and the mythological Prometheus, fool negative effects, all three tampered with the unknown, and all three suffered. Sweeter then the voice of the thrush or the nightingale other issue focusing around basic instincts that is raised is the question of what a being is born with and what it acquires during life. The supra quote indicates the creature, from the early stages of its life was able to compare and make decisions based upon, two entirely distinguishable things.It also soon develops the desire for the mastery of language and writing, which is very symbolic of how mankind for many thousands of years has relied upon writing and speaking to convey thoughts and desires form person to person, generation to generation. The creature also, from the first time it views its check refers to itself as hideous, having never been educated in beauty and deformity the creatures statement implies that all self-aware beings are born with a concept of beauty. I learned from the social life which it developed, to admire their virtues and depreciate the vices of mankind.

The Role of Grammar in Language Teaching & Learning Essay Example for Free

The Role of Grammar in Language Teaching breeding EssayIntroductionIn this ever ever-changing world, the barriers to converse and accord must be lowered. The acquisition of linguistic skills requires that whizz and b bely(a) must be able to master it and give it to communicate effectively to throng who argon using that same manner of let looseing, like position for instance. For learners of this accompaniment manner of speaking to communicate effectively, instructors in the delivery arts take in a very master(prenominal) subroutine to bewilder in pedagogics every aspect of incline, sp atomic number 18(prenominal)ly its grammar and part. This is beca riding habit, to understand and be understood, grammar is an important part of verbiage and communication. The position LanguageThe position address, a spoken linguistic communication belonging to the Germanic languages branch of the Indo-European language family, is widely spoken in six continents. It is the primary language of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and various Caribbean and peace-loving island nations it is as well the official language of near 45 nations including India, the Philippines, and many sub-Saharan Afri bay window countries.Other than this, it is the wink most widely spoken native language in the world, the m other(a) tongue of more than 350 jillion flock, and the most widely taught foreign language (Britannica Concise encyclopaedia, 2006). The United Nations routines side of meat not only as one of its official languages but also as one of its devil working languages. The language is also the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, diplomacy and the Internet (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2003).Usageside relies mainly on leger nightspot usu altogethery subject-verb-object, to indicate relationships in the midst of words. further many, includin g native speakers of the language, are motionless finding it hard to use the language correctly.In the past, there moderate been those get outing to grant guidance to the public on correct usage of the language. Americas most famous lexicographer, Noah Webster, for instance, published a lexicon and speller which taught not only spelling but also pronunciation, common sense, m spokens, and good citizenship. Other lexicographers accommodate also attempted to maturate material that would serve as guide for the public regarding correct use of the incline language (Encyclopedia of Ameri stomach History, 2006).Like other languages, side has changed greatly. English easily borrows words from other languages and has coined many new words to reflect advances in technology. Changes of every sort take a shit taken blank concomitantly in the becomes (phonetics), in their distribution (phonemics), and in the grammar (morphology and syntax) (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2003). English is the most widely knowing and used language even in non-native English speaking nations. It is widely learned and used for communication purposes e special(a)ly in the academe and in businesses. Because of this wide use of the language, it has often been referred to as the global language or the lingua franca of the modern era. It is currently the language most often sought and taught as a second language around the world (Wikipedia, 2007).GrammarToday, use of noble hackneyed English is required in the workplace and in the academe. It is the language of most educational, legal, governmental, and professional documents. It is used in newspapers, magazines, and books. It is the English we hear from radio receiver and television announcers and persons making imposing speeches. It is the language spoken in international commerce. Hence, many schools are pore on commandment students proper English speaking and practice-up skills.English grammar is a body of rules specify ing how contents are created in English. Basically, English is a subject verb object (SVO) language, meaning, it prefers a sequence of subjectverbobject in its simplest, unmarked declarative statements. But word order is a complicated matter in English (Wikipedia, 2007).Standard English can vary in different situations, but real conventions or rules deep d accept it are fairly constant, and intimately-educated people deem them worthy of macrocosm observed. That is why the name ensample is applied to this variety of English. If a person wants to succeed in the academic and business worlds, as well as in many other pursuits, he or she must master the conventions of Standard English. starchy and In bollock EnglishStandard English is used in so many different situations. Its use whitethorn range from casual telephone conversations to formal speeches, that it would be impossible to name a particular kind of English appropriate for each situation. Two domains of Standard English ma y be distinguished, however, and that is formal English and versed English.Formal English, like formal dress and formal manners, is a language for special occasions. It is sometimes referred to as literary English. It is also the language used in serious writing. It is used in formal essays, essay answers to examination questions, formal reports, research papers, literary criticism, scholarly writings, and addresses on serious or repairmn occasions.Formal English is possible to include words that are seldom used in ordinary conversations. The denounces are likely to be more elaborately constructed and longer than those of ordinary writing. Contractions are rarely used. Formal English pays close attention to refinements in usage and avoids slang.Informal English, on the other hand, is the language most individuals use most of the time. It is the language of most magazines, newspapers, books, and talks in flowed for general audiences.The conventions of informal English are less ri gid than those of formal English. Sentences may be long or short, and they are likely to sound more like conversation than the stately rhythms of formal English. Contractions often appear in informal English, and sometimes a slang expression is used.Excellent Language SkillsWhile individuals can generally speak rough three kinds of English formal threadbare, informal standard, and non-standard, the lines amid them are not al right smarts light(a) to draw. One kind of usage shades into another. An expression that one may think of as existence informal may turn up in a formal address. A slang word or colloquial that originates in non-standard English may be take after an acceptable part of the informal vocabulary. many an(prenominal) words and constructions which one may think of as belonging to standard speech may come into use among speakers of non-standard English. This essentially means that the great majority of words and ones ways of put them unneurotic are common to all three kinds of English.If the language conforms to the conventions of Standard English, ones main concern lead be to vary his or her specific word choices to meet a particular privation. The fatality result be check overd by the nature of the audience, whether one is speaking or writing. in that respect will be times when one cannot be sure whether a particular word or expression is suitable for the occasion. One can get help with his or her decision by move to a textbook on grammar and usage, by turning to a dictionary, or by consulting a special book on English usage. Most of all, one can pay closer attention to the preferences of people who speak the language with obvious care.With careful observation, one may also notice that the rules of grammar are utilitarian but not an invariably reliable guide to usage. Grammar describes the system of a language. Usage, however, is come to with appropriate forms of expression. The two grammar and usage are not of all time the same , for language is a living and growing thing, and life and harvest-tide are not everlastingly logical. The people who use a language are constantly changing it. Since the rules of grammar describe the way the language works, when the system changes, the rules also change.Importance of English GrammarEffective speaking and writing goes beyond mere acceptance of the most appropriate grammatic rules. It embraces such qualities as clarity, forcefulness of expression, honesty, originality, freshness, and often, brevity. to that extent the conventions of Standard English should never be underestimated as the essential foundation of good speaking and writing. If one deviates from the conventions of Standard English, people will think more about how one is expressing himself or herself about what he or she is saying.Any language that calls attention to itself or strikes listeners as unsuitable to the situation gets in the way of communication. For instance, if an applicant speaks casuall y with a prospective employer, as he or she does with close friends, that applicant may ruin his or her chances of getting the job. Moreover, if a person jokingly uses non-standard language around strangers, then these people who hear the speaker may get the impression that he or she does not know Standard English. It is thus important to know the different forms of English to suffer wise choices from them.Language TeachingEnglish is canonically the medium of reading in most schools all over the world. In command the English language, most teachers begin with the parts of speech, their identification and their function. For some students, the think over of English may point to certain aspects that are al put in familiar, like grammar for example, but for others, especially for those who will learn the language formally for the counterbalance time, grammar will not be very familiar.Grammar is important. It gives learners the ability to talk about language by providing a termino logy and a system of classification. Also by making a learner aware of the basic patterns of English sentences, grammar can help the learner overhaul a varied and interesting style in their speaking and writing. This is one of the main goals of the study of English.teacher and Learner RolesOne can hardly conceive a language nurture situation in the absence of interaction between and among students, fellow students, the teacher and the textbook. Every time a student interacts with any of these sources, he or she makes various hypotheses about what is being learned, and accepts or rejects them, trying out new ones.In an attempt to learn a foreign language, the student-learner is subordinate on other people with whom he or she can interact with, as he or she develops a wide range of strategies which will be tested only in a communicatory scope. According to Thanasoulas (1999), these strategies can be distinguished in three categories production strategies, comprehension strategies and interactive strategies. These strategies will not be explored in this paper. However, what is being pointed at here is the importance of human interaction in the classroom or acquire setting as a condition for successful language acquire and intellectual, emotional and genial development (Thanasoulas, 1999).The teachers RoleIt has been suggested that language instruction is a obscure issue, encompassing linguistic, psycholinguistic, socio-cultural, virtual(a), as well as instructional and curricular dimensions. There are numbers of factors add to the dynamics of the educational motion, such as internationalism and the pragmatic status of the foreign language (e.g., English), tenet and teaching method styles, and broadcast characteristics. For example, the general expectation by students, parents and teachers that learners should achieve a high take aim of improvement in English when they leave school square offs two language policies and how foreign language lear ning will evolve.Furthermore, the teaching-learning growth reflects different cultural traits and traditions. In some cultures, students tend to feel more at unbosom in the classroom, expressing their pilepoints and agreement or disagreement in others, a passive attitude towards the teacher and the guide language is more common.For instance, Greek society and its educational system favour rote memorisation, while western sandwich countries, in general, do not value it. Instead, they practice and take tons of drills to perfect their study of grammar and the English language. Moreover, such issues as the gradation of preparation of teachers and the bindingity of testing and evaluation procedures can puddle a tremendous impact on language learning (Thanasoulas, 1999).As is patently obvious, the task or act, one may say, of teaching encapsulates a lot more than merely providing instruction and guidelines for students. It presupposes a psychological and philosophical knowledge on the teachers part, so as to combine techniques in class, as well as commensurate command of the basic structure of human existence, with a view to assessing any situation accurately and appropriately (Thanasoulas, 1999).Clearly linked to the berths defined for the learner are the roles the teacher is anticipate to play in the instructional process. Teacher roles, too, must ultimately be related both to assumptions about capacity and, at the level of approach, to particular views of language and language learning. Some instructional systems are totally dependent on the teacher as the source of knowledge and direction others see the teachers role as catalyst, consultant, diagnostician, guide, and model for learning still others try to teacher-proof the instructional system by limiting teacher initiative and building instructional content and direction into texts or lesson plans.Teacher and learner roles define the type of interaction characteristic of classrooms in which a particu lar method is being used. Teacher roles in methods are related to the following issues the types of functions teachers are anticipate to fulfil (e.g., practice director, counsellor, model), the degree of control the teacher influences over learning, the degree to which the teacher is responsible for find out linguistic content, and the interactional patterns assumed between teachers and learners (Richards, 1994 23).Undoubtedly, the teacher is called upon to perform several functions in foreign language learning. These are the following teacher as director and omnibus teacher as counsellor and a language preference and teacher as a model and independent language user (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as a Director and Manager. One of the main concerns of the teacher as a director and manager is to create a warm, stimulating atmosphere in which the students will feel secure and confident.It is very important for learners to feel very much at home with both their teachers and fellow- learners, if they are to be expected to ship out into the deep waters of foreign language learning, to experiment with new and strange sounds, and to role-play in a language which they have barely begun to learn (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 95).Apart from assisting in creating the right atmosphere, the teacher should also make decisions on the materials to be used, as well as the activities and games which will best accord with the learners needs and abilities. Inasmuch as learners do not necessarily share the same cognitive and linguistic abilities, or interests and motivation, it is incumbent on the teacher to choose a wide variety of materials and teaching techniques and strategies in order to respond to the students interests and capacities.To this end, the teacher is supposed to organize the class, deciding whether a specific role-play or game will be off-key in pairs or in groups. Bearing all this in mind, the teacher may help develop a learner-centred approach to foreign lang uage learning, as he / she takes into account the learners preferences, tailoring the materials and strategies to their needs (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as Counsellor and a Language Resource. The second function that the foreign language teacher is expected to fulfil is that of counsellor and a language vision. In other words, the responsibility is on the teacher to provide the learners with the necessary input in order to foster concord of the relation between grammar, language, and communication. In short, the teacher must modify and simplify the language used according to the needs arising in each communicatory situation, and to the grammatic competence and language proficiency of the students. In addition to simplifying teacher talk, it is also the teachers prerogative to resort to miming and facial expressions (Thanasoulas, 1999).Learning and teaching is multi-sensory and everything in the classroom and method must insinuate that learning is relaxing, fun and possible to be attained (Papaconstantinou, 1991 35).Moreover, the teacher as a language resource should help learners to acquaint themselves with, and acquire a taste for, the target language and culture. It is the teachers tariff to make explicit that language is not to be held in a vacuum but should always be learnt in connection to its users and the uses to which it is put.In light of this, grammar, though it is very important, should not be the sole reference point in foreign language learning the teacher has to draw his students attention to the socio-cultural and pragmatic aspects of the foreign language, in order to help them assess the accuracy and appropriacy of the language they produce, both at the sentence level and the discourse level. As J. C. Richards (1994 157) notes, a focus on grammar in itself is not a valid approach to the development of language proficiency.The teacher as a counsellor and a language resource should see it as her goal to provide enough remedial work, in order to eradicate students errors, and push learners to develop their own learning strategies and techniques, so as to discover the answers to their own questions (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as a Model and Independent Language User. In order to become a successful communicator and model for learners, the teacher should promote a wide range of behaviours and psychological and social relationships such as solidarity and politeness.Often learners have difficulties in adopting these behaviours because of the psychological and social distance that there exists between learners and materials. As a result, learners have a tendency to adopt the teachers language behaviours to indicate attitude and role relationships, rather than those presented in materials. This is understandable, of course, since the teacher is a live model, a real human being to whom they can more easily relate (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 101).In short, the teacher should help learners to negotiate meaning in the ta rget language through his or her own active participation in it, and act as a mediator between the linguistic and extra-linguistic context of foreign language learning, as these are reflected in the textbooks and audio-visual aids, etc., or literature, respectively (Thanasoulas, 1999).Teachers play an essential role in the foreign language classroom. Not only are they directors and managers of the classroom environment but they also function as counsellors and language resources facilitating the teaching-learning process. In addition, teachers can become models and independent language users in order to overcome the inherent shortcomings of the foreign language classroom environment (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993104).The LearnersWhat roles do learners play in the mark of educational programs and systems, and how much leeway are they left with in contributing to the learning process? In the last two decades or so, there has been a shift from Cognitive and Transformational-Generative Gra mmar Approaches to a Communicative view of learning. Learners, who were formerly viewed as stimulus-response mechanisms whose learning was the product of practice reminding one of the well-known dictum, Repetitio est mater studiorum are today regarded as individuals who should have a say in the educational process.The role of the learner as treater between the self, the learning process, and the object of learning emerges from and interacts with the role of joint negotiator in spite of appearance the group and within the classroom procedures and activities which the group undertakes. The implication for the learner is that he should contribute as much as he gains, and thereby learn in an interdependent way (Breen and Candlin, 1980 110, cited in Richards, 1994 22-23).Three Factors Responsible for Student LearningAge, cognitive and learning factors. Age variation in foreign language learning and learning differences between children and adults are significant factors that must be taken into account in choosing the right approaches, design and procedures.Experiments have shown that there are a lot of biological factors at work in language learning. In young learners, both hemispheres of the brain are responsible for the language function, while at puberty it is only the left hemisphere that takes over, which makes language acquisition and learning more difficult. This process is called lateralisation and it may be responsible for learning differences between children and adults.Cognitive and learning styles, already acquired through mother tongue, may influence foreign language learning. According to Papaefthymiou-Lytra, Of all personality characteristics attributed to individuals, certain cognitive and learning variables have been researched to determine the degree of their influence on successful foreign or second language learning. These are field-dependence and field-independence, formal operations, the monitor and foreign language aptitude (Papaefthym iou-Lytra, 1993 84-85).Field-independent individuals are more analytical by inclination and tend to learn through reasoning faculties, whereas field-dependent individuals view learning in toto, acquiring knowledge subconsciously.Piagets formal operations theory relates to adults more mature cognitive capacities as opposed to the unconscious automatic kind of learning (Genessee, 1977, 148, cited in Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 85) that characterizes young learners less mature cognitive system. According to this theory, adults are thought to deal with the victimize nature of language more easily than young learners it is very often the case, though, that young people may prove better learners in the long run.Another factor that influences language learning is the monitor use employed by learners.Three types of monitor users have been identified over users, under users and optimal users. oer users are associated with analytical conscious learningOn the other hand, under users are associa ted with subconscious learning and extrovert personalitiesFinally, the third category is that of optimal users who seem to be the most efficient (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 85-86).Social and emotive factors. Successful foreign language learning calls for an examination of the social and affective factors at work. First of all, the teacher should take into consideration the social proficiency which learners have attained. By social proficiency we mean the degree to which the learner employs, or taps into, the foreign language in order to communicate and negotiate meaning or achieve certain social goals.Some learners, for example, may complain when their classmate uses their pens or pencils because they have not learnt to use language in a socially accepted way. For instance, they cannot cope with making requests, postulation permission, giving condolences, etc. It is worth noting that different cultures favour different attitudes on the part of the learner and, as a result, it is ver y probable that most of these situations do not necessarily reflect lack of social proficiency.Apart from social factors, affective factors also play an important role as they may assist or preclude learning. It is a commonplace that an atmosphere that fosters and promotes confidence and emotional stability will produce better students. Harmony in the classroom helps relieve tension and keeps the door to language processing open. A teachers task is like that of an orchestra conductor, who tends to fly into higher spheres, and has a tendency to fly and pull himself and the others above everydays problems towards a more creative reality (Papaconstantinou, 1991 65).In this reality the learner may easily identify with the teacher and venture out into new aspects of the target language, dealing with it in her own, individual way. Unless she feels at ease with her teacher and her fellow-students, she will not learn. If she feels rejected and is afraid of being told off or scoffed at when ever she makes a mistake, she will withdraw from the educational process and lag behind, both cognitively and emotionally.Consequently, the content of materials for classroom use as well as classroom practices should be compatible with the affective variables influencing learners (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 90).Learners needs and interests. Indubitably, a successful course should consider learner needs. For this reason, the concept of needs analysis has assumed an important role in language learning. Needs analysis has to do with the aims of a course, as these are determined by the uses to which the target language will be put on completion of the programme.For example, is our aim to achieve a high level of language proficiency or are we called upon to respond to the needs of, say, adult learners who need to master specific skills, such as academic writing or note-taking? All these parameters will have to inform the methods and techniques we use in class, as well as the materials des ign we are supposed to utensil in order to achieve the best results.With regard to learners interests, it is worth noting that we, as teachers, should be cognizant of the differences between children and adolescents. For instance, the former are interested in body movement and play, whereas the latter want to learn about human relationships in general and achieve a deeper understanding of their abilities, with the aim of developing a sound personality and character.It has become evident that foreign language learning is far from a simple, straightforward process where teachers are the purveyors of knowledge and students the passive subjects who receive that knowledge. For successful foreign language learning, students must have both the ability and desire to learn. Otherwise, the objectives we set are doomed to failure.Foreign language teachers, therefore, must be bendable enough and sensitive enough to respond well to the individual learning preferences, interests and needs of th eir learners in impairment of materials, techniques, classroom methodology and teacher talk. After all, language learning is not a monolithic process since not all personality and environmental factors can be kept under control in a foreign language situation (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 94).Grammar in Communicative Language TeachingLinguists define grammar as a set of components phonetics or the production and perception of sounds phonology or how sounds are unite morphology, which refers to the study of forms, or how elements are combined to create words syntax referring to how words are strung together into sentences and semantics or meaning. Because all languages are characterized by these components, by definition, language does not exist without grammar (Musumeci, 1997).Musumeci (1997) asserts however, that grammar has not always been defined in these terms. Originally, the term grammar, grammatica, referred to the art of writing, as compared to rhetoric, rettorica, the art of speaking. As used today by many teachers and learners, grammar is loosely understood to be a set of rules that govern language, primarily its morphology and syntax. But morphology and syntax are only two components of grammar. Communicative language teaching has brought a renew emphasis on the role that semantics plays in the definition of language. Communicative language teaching is fundamentally concerned with making meaning in the language, whether by interpreting someone elses message, expressing ones own, or negotiating when meaning is unclear.Viewing grammar with all of its components helps learners as language teachers understand the complexity of what it means to know the grammar of a language. Clearly, the goal of language learning in the communicatory classroom is for learners to acquire the grammar of the second language in its broadest sense, to enable them to understand and make meaning that is, to become proficient users of the second language. seek and experience ha ve shown that explicit teaching of grammatical rules, even if linguists were able to formulate them all, does not produce such competence (Musumeci, 1997).Adnan (n.d.), however, disagrees with this contention of Musumeci and asserts that there are many aspects of SLA such as the strategy of learning, the role of communicative language teaching, the role of formal grammar teaching etc.Adnan (n.d.) attempts to study the role of formal grammar teaching for two reasons First, this has generated a great debate in second language teaching and a lot of research has been done on it. back up, there is an reading that grammar teaching has been neglected in English teaching in favour of developing communicative competence in language which results in students having poor knowledge of grammar.Now, some people have called for the return of grammar teaching into the English class to solve the problem. It was noted that similar problems occurred in the denseness program in Canada. Although Krash en (1982) praises the program for producing learners with very high levels of second language proficiency, many researchers have for some time recognised that immersion learners fail to recognise some grammatical distinctions (Ellis, 1994).According to Adnan (n.d.), the Indonesian language teaching circle are beginning to use the communicative approach and he is concerned that if this circle gets affected by the crocked view that only communicative activities are important in developing second language proficiency, and therefore, grammar teaching is of little importance, this may lead to the same problems.He stresses in his study that he is not advocating a grammar dominated classroom or a return to grammar translation method. Nor is he trying to advocate that communicative activities are not important either. It is stressed that they are also very important.What is being done is discuss the research findings on the role of grammar teaching so as to have a good understanding of wh at it can offer and what problems it has (Adnan, n.d.).It was determined that there were some problems that occurred in grammar teaching. And these were it can have deleterious effects, e.g. evasion of certain grammar points which once traumatised the learner (Pienemann, 1987), it can demotivate if the teaching is not interesting, it can lead to wrongly generalisation (Lightbown, 1983 Felix, 1981), and it can be ineffective if the learners are not ready. (Pienemann, 1987).Nevertheless, the advantages are the following formal grammar teaching can improve accuracy Ellis (1989) Pica (1985) Lightbown and Spada (1990), it can accelerate acquisition when learners are ready (Pienemann, 1987) it can help eliminate inappropriate use of expressions (Adnan, 1994), and it can result in new knowledge (Pienemann, 1984).In light of this, it is clear that to improve learner acquisition of a second language, there is a need to consider teaching grammar at an appropriate time. Spada (1987) suggests that formal instruction may work best when it is combined with opportunities to accept in natural communication. Ellis (1990) explains how formal instruction works. According to him, the main mechanism by which instruction works is by developing explicit knowledge of a grammatical feature which subsequently helps learners to acquire implicit knowledge (which in his mind is responsible for actual performance). Pienemann argues that grammar should be taught only when learners are ready for it.In an extensive review of research in the second language acquisition, Ellis (1994) suggests that the ideal approach to teaching is the combination of both formal teaching and engaging students in communicative activities. This is also supported by research findings in good learners studies which generally concluded that successful learners pay attention both to forms and functions i.e. engage in communicative use of the language.Pienemanns argument, namely teaching grammar when learners are re ady, that is, when they begin to use it and ask about it, is appealing. This is also in line with Krashens hypothesis of comprehensible input. However, most have not had a standard sequence of the acquisition order of a different language like say Adnans language which is Indonesian, by foreign learners though it is noted by Adnan that this is being done as they do in English and German.Before the learners are ready, grammatical explanation is kept to a minimum or presented indirectly through games or other types of exercises. Learners at tertiary levels (or perhaps adults in general) appear to need grammatical explanation from an early stage. But it is believed that time should not be sacrificed to develop communicative mainly oral skills in favour of detailed grammar teaching. Their needs should be met by providing grammar books which explain grammar in language that they can understand.ReferencesAdnan, Z. (n.d.). The Role of Formal Grammar Teaching on Second Language Acquisition A Review of Research and on Views. Retrieved on marching 5, 2007 from http//intranet.usc.edu.au/wacana/2/grammar.sla.htmlCrystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Dendrinos, B. (1992) The EFL Textbook and Ideology. capital of Greece N. C. Grivas PublicationsEllis, Rod (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford Oxford University PressEnglish language. (2006). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on adjoin 7, 2007 from http//concise.britannica.com/English language. (2003). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on present 7, 2007 from www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/English Language. (2006). Encyclopedia of American History. Encyclopedia of American History through a partnership of Answers Corporation. Retrieved on March 7, 2007 from http//www.answers.com/ number/english-languageEnglish Language. (2007). Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wiki media Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on March 6, 2007 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languageEnglish Grammar. (2007). Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on March 6, 2007 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammarFelix, S. (1981). The effect of formal instruction on second language acquisition. Language Learning. 31 87112Krashen, S. (1982) Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford Oxford University PressLightbown, P. (1983) Exploring relationship between developmental and instructional sequences in in L2 acquisition in H. Seliger and M. Long (eds.) (1983) Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, Mass Newbury House.Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. (1990). Instruction and the nurture of Questions in L2 Classroom SSLA. Vol. 15, pp. 205224Lixin Xiao. (2006). Bridging the Gap Between Teaching Styles and Learning Styles A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. V olume 10 Number 3. Retrieved on March 6, 2007 from http//tesl-ej.org/ej39/a2.pdfMcArthur, T. (ed.) (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press.Mora, J. K. (1999). Major components of the study of syntax and grammar Teaching grammar in context. San Diego State University. Retrieved on March 5, 2007 from http//coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/Grammar.htmMusumeci, D. (1997). The role of grammar in communicative language teaching A historical perspective. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved on March 5, 2007 from http//www.mhhe.com/socscience/foreignlang/conf/grammar.htmlPapaconstantinou, A. (1991) Suggestopedia An art of Teaching, an art of Living. Athens Hellinika GrammataPapaconstantinou, A. (1997) Creating the Whole Person in New Age. Athens A. KardamitsaPapaefthymiou-Lytra, S. (1993) Language, Language cognisance and Foreign Language Learning. Athens The University of Athens Press.Pienemann, M. (1987) Learnability and Syllabus Constructions. In Hyltensta m, K. and Pienemann, M. (Eds.) Modelling and Assessing Second Language Development. Clevedon bilingual MattersPienemann, M. (1984). Psychological Constrains on the Teachability of Languages. SSLA, 6 (2), pp. 186214Richards, J. C. (1994). The Context of Language Teaching. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Spada, N. (1987). Relationship between Instructional Differences and Learning Outcomes A Processproduct Study of Communicative Language Teaching. Applied Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 13761Thanasoulas, D. (1999). Classroom Forum or Arena? Retrieved on March 7, 2007 from http//www.englishclub.com/tefl-articles/classroom.htm

Consumer behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer behavior strive1. Why would someone shop on the internet ? buy an ipad ? eat at T. G. I. Fridays frequently ? -Because of the fast-paced world that we live in it would be more practical to shop through the internet because of its accessibility. through with(predicate) online shopping customer can get the product and avail the services they need in upright a simple click of button it saves them time and energy. An ipad is a tablet computer developed by Apple. It is smaller than a typical laptop, but significantly larger than the average smartphone. The iPad does not include a keyboard or a trackpad, but instead has a touchscreen interface , which is used to control the device. Due to its portability, accessibility, ease of use, and the great applications you can avail with it millions of hatful around the world ar ipad user and hundreds argon still planning to get their self one, so they can ride along in the bandwagon and be one with the trend. Having an ipad can al so defined ones social status so, even though it is expensive with its benefits and the image it can give to a person we find iPADs as a practical thing to buy. T. G. I.Fridays is an American eating house chain focusing on casual dining. It offers its customers good food and an American dining experience though it maybe expensive compared to other restaurant but, it is a great place to relaxed after a hard days work. a) Why would someone else not make those purchases? -Other People find it much more complicated to shop through the internet and like the old fashion way of shopping, some find iPads expensive and impractical and other plenty find eating at an expensive restaurant just a waste of time and notes and they just prefer to eat home cooked meal.b) How would you choose one outlet, brand and model over the others? If they view a good ambiance and feel of their store, the sales person offers good service and if their product are worthy and reasonable enough for their price . c) Would others make choice the same way ? -I guess not, because other people prefer to go with products with cheaper prices.

History of Culinary Arts Essay Example for Free

History of Culinary Arts EssayThe history of culinary fine arts started in the early 1800 when the first secureing school in Boston was established to teach the art of American cooking and prepare the students to deliver and forward their knowledge to others. It was in 1896 Fannie Merritt Farmer published the first cook book the book was written referring the Boston cooking school. In the year 1946 the first cooking instal was telecasted on the televised. After thatJames Beard the father of American cuisine conducted regular cooking classes concentrating on the art of American cooking. In 1960s the French cuisine has been entered the American society by Julia Child. Later in the year the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) was founded and established this was the first culinary school that offers career-based courses of course in the art of cooking. The first campus of the CIA was inNew York and was started in 1972 and now there are Different types of cooking schools that offe r divers(prenominal) kinds of training programs to its candidates and the selection of the appropriate culinary arts and it can be determined by considering the goals and interests and service to choose the education programaccordingly.The school was begun with the intention of offering education courses in culinary arts. The school offers both long term and short term courses. There are a number of students who enrol in the CIA and each year and the number of applicants increase. Prior to the establishing of the CIA, those who wanted to have a career in culinary arts typically had to go through many tests and challenges like until they become seasoned chefs by gaining on-the-job trainings. Looking at this today internships and recruitments are among the main essentials. .

Psychology Paper Essay Example for Free

Psychology Paper EssayIn this paper I am going to be talking about the philosophy of psychology in the 19th century. I am going to be discussing the roots in early philosophy leading into the 19th century that influenced the tuition of modern psychology, identify philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings of psychology as a formal discipline, identify major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the formation of psychology as a discipline and look for the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century.There were fragmental philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline. deception Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill atomic number 18 just a few to mention. John Locke made a distinction between transparent and complex. Simple ideas resulted from experiencing basic sensory qualities such as yellow, white, heat and so on, and from making simple reflect ions such as pleasant. A complex idea includes sever ideas, which bath be a combination of simple and other complex ideas. Complex ideas are compounds and can be ultimately reduced to simple ones, much as chemical compounds are composed of simple elements. (Goodwin, 2008).George Berkeleys work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be apply to the study of perception. Berkeley tried to show that our perceptions of the distance, size, and locations of objects are judgments that depend entirely on experience. We do not go through objects directly rather we make judgments about them based on visual information and our experiences. Davie Hume came up with the rules of association, that ideas that are similar or happen simultaneously are associated. He proposed three laws resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect.David Hartley, another dualist, believed that although the head and body operated separately but also parallel to each other. He use d association in his theory of memories. He believed the strength of association relies on repetition (Goodwin, 2008). John Stuart Mill, known as the samara transition figure in the shift from the philosophy of the mind to the science of the mind (Goodwin, 2008), used a chemical rather than mechanical description in our complex ideas are made from simple ones. He believed that the mind was much more active than passive. Mills logic consists of the Method of Agreement, Method of Difference, and sound out Method.